Ocean shipping in international trade is the main mode of transport, international trade total volume of more than 2/3, the majority of China's import and export goods, are transported by sea transport modes. Maritime transport of large volume, low freight rates, channel lead in all directions, its advantage. But the speed is slow, risk is big sailing, sailing date is not easy and accurate, is its deficiencies.

According to the operation of the ship, ocean transport can be divided into the liner transport charter transport.

A. liner

A. liner transport characteristics:

( L ) liner fixed schedules, routes, ports of call and relatively fixed freight rate;

(2) included in the liner freight handling fee, the liner to the port by the officer;

(3) liner cargo quantity is more flexible, the owner according to the need of booking, particularly suitable for general groceries and container cargo transport.

B. liner freight.

Liner freight from the liner freight tariff provisions, including basic freight and various surcharge. Basic freight rate is divided into two categories: one is the traditional break-bulk freight; one is the container box rates.

(1) general cargo freight basically per freight ton for charging unit. According to gross billing, freight ton for ton, in the tariff to W" said. According to the volume charging time, freight ton for cubic meters, in the tariff to" M". Tariffs to" W / M said, according to the gross weight (quantity number) or volume (cubic number), from a high charging. According to the freight tons of valuation of goods in general is divided into 20 grades, first cargo freight rate minimum, Twentieth cargo freight rate maximum.

Groceries but also by the commodity price or pieces meter collection fee. The bulk of low value goods, by the ship, goods agreed freight rate.

(2) container box rates in three ways

① FAK box rates ( Freight for All Kinds ), which is not divided into kinds of goods in each container, charge fees to kill.

② FCS box rates ( Freight for Class ). According to the class of goods made box rates,

③ FCB box rates ( Frelsht for Class & Basis ), i.e. according to the class of goods and the different types of valuation standard rates.

Liner freight of surcharge a multitude of names, including; additional surcharge, Overweight Surcharge, the choice of the unloading port surcharge, alteration of discharging port charges, fuel surcharge, port congestion surcharge, deviation surcharge, transhipment surcharge direct additional fees and.

Container transport costs, in addition to the above sea freight, also need to include information about the service fee and the fee for use of the facilities.

In addition, the liner companies for different commodities mixed in the same package, according to which charges a higher total freight. With a commodity, such as packaging, its billing grades and standards are different, such as the shipper fails to different packing list the gross weight and volume, are all the goods according to the charging higher gauge freight, with a bill of lading has more than two kinds of different goods, such as the shipper is not separately Lie Mingmao weight and volume, but also from high billing.

B. charter transport

Charter refers to the Charter of the whole ship. Charter costs than the liner is low, and can direct route, so the bulk goods generally use the Charter transport. The main methods of chartering a voyage charter and charter of two.

1voyage charter. Voyagecharter ( Voyage Charter ) is based on voyage charter, also known as charter. The ship must be in accordance with the charter contract range to complete cargo transportation task, and shall be responsible for the management and navigation of the cost. Charter freight general goods according to the shipment quantity calculation, but also by the amount of voyage charter.

Charter of the rights and obligations of both parties, by a charter party ( Charter Party ) regulations. Charter manner, the contract should specify whether the burden of the goods at the port of loading and unloading expenses. If free handling, loading and unloading shall be stipulated in the contract period or rate of loading and unloading, as well as the demurrage and dispatch money. If the lessee fails to completed within the deadline handling operation. To compensate for the resulting delayed sailing loss, should ship the payment of fines, namely the demurrage. If the lessee ahead of the completion of loading and unloading operation by boat direction method pay a bonus, called the despatch fee. Usually despatch half demurrage.

2time charter. Time charter ( Time Charter ) is at a certain time of vessels for transportation, also known as the charter period, the ship shall be stipulated in the contract during the period of lease provide a seaworthy ship, and the burden of costs related to maintain airworthiness. The charterers during this period is in terms of navigation area by scheduling control ship, but shall be responsible for the cost of the fuel, port charges and handling charges in process of operation expenses.