One, bill of lading

Bill of lading must be issued by the carrier or master or their agent to issue, and should indicate clearly the issuer identity.

Bill of lading evidences a contract of carriage by sea was established and proven carrier has taken over the goods or the goods have been shipped, and ensure the delivery of the goods to the destination document.

Bill of lading is also a document of title to goods, the carrier to deliver the goods. The holder of the bill of lading to take delivery of the goods, also can show the trade, but also in the cargo ship arrived at the port of destination delivery prior to the transfer of.

Contents of the bill of lading by positive fact records and the back of the bill of lading clause is composed of two parts. Each ship company set bill of lading, its main content is basically the same.

In two, bill of lading and its basis

Bill of lading pre-printed provisions of the carrier and cargo between the right, obligation and liability exemption, the parties dispute when the main legal basis.

In the type ( LONG TERM ) ocean bill of lading, lists many of the terms, which are mainly:

(1) the definition of the terms ( DEFINITION CLAUSE ) - the main " carrier"," shipper" and other related people to be qualified. The former includes and shipper have contracts for the transportation of the shipowner, the latter including the delivery man, consignee, the holder of the bill of lading and owner of the goods.

(2) the jurisdiction clause ( JURISDICTION CLAUSE ) - noted when the bill of lading disputes, in accordance with the law, a court trial and solve the case of the right.

(3) period of liability clause (DURATION OF LIABILLITY ) -- law of carrier in the carriage of goods loss or damage liability period clause. General Bill of lading regulation of liability of carrier in the period from the goods are loaded on to a vessel to the discharge from the ship. Container bill of lading from the carrier to receive the goods to the delivery of the named consignee.

(4) packing and marking ( PACKAGES AND MARKS ) - - Requirements for cargo shipper packed properly and correctly and clearly marked. As a result of not clear sign or bad packing refers to all the cost of the goods is in charge of by.

(5) freight and other charges ( FREIGHT AND OTHER CHARGES ) - Shipping provisions for prepaid, shall at the time of shipment payment, to pay on delivery when the payment. When the ship and cargo are suffered any loss or damage, the freight should still pay, otherwise, the carrier of goods and documents lien.

(6) free transhipment clause ( TRANSHIPMENT CLAUSE ) - carrier has issued the bill of lading, but because of the need to remain free transshipment, not subject to the shipper agrees. Transshipment charges by the carrier burden, but the risk by the shipper should assume the liability of the carrier, which is confined to its own operation performed by the transport ship.

(7) the error reporting ( INACCURACY IN PARTICULARS FURNISHED BY SHIPPER ) -- the carrier shall have the right in the port of loading and destination check check any goods quantity, weight, size and content, if found inconsistent with the actual carrier, can collect freight penalty

(8) limit of liability ( LIMIT OF LIABILITY ) - regulated carrier for loss of or damage to the goods caused by the loss of the limits of liability, i.e. every or every unit cargo damages may not exceed a certain amount.

(9) general average ( GENERAL AVERAGE-G.A. ) - if the occurrence of the general average in accordance with the provisions of the rules, what is. The international commonly used on1974more G - Antwerp rules of calculation. In our country, some bills of lading are often in accordance with the provisions of the 1975Beijing fazhibao adjusters.

(10) the United States in terms of ( AMERICAN CLAUSE ) from the United States of America - provisions of port cargo transport can only apply to the United States in 1936CARRIAGE OF GOOD BY sea freight ( SEA ACT. 1936) freight on the Federal Maritime Commission ( FMC ) registration rates the implementation, such as Bill of lading clause and the law is in conflict with the United States, the law shall prevail. This term is also known as a " local clause" ( LOCAL CLAUSE ).

(11) deck cargo, live animals and plants ( ON DECK CARGO, LIVE ANIMALS AND PLANTS ) -- on the three kinds of goods receiving, handling, transport, storage and discharge regulations, by shippers and shippers to bear the risk of loss or damage, the carrier for the irresponsible.